Differentiating n-butyryl chloride by chemical method

In the cross field of environmental protection and chemical science, n-butyryl chloride, as an important organic chlorine compound, plays an important role in the fields of oil removal, phosphorus removal and sewage treatment with its unique performance. How to accurately identify n-butyryl chloride and other similar organic chlorine compounds is the focus of many researchers and practitioners. In this paper, the identification techniques of n-butyryl chloride will be discussed in depth from the perspective of chemical methods, and provide reference for research and practice in related fields.

1. solubility test: Solubility characteristics of n-butyryl chloride

the solubility of n-butyryl chloride in different solvents is one of the important characteristics for its identification. In aqueous solution, the solubility of n-butyryl chloride is low, but it shows excellent solubility in organic solvents. To verify this, the following experimental steps can be used:

1. solvent Selection: Take n-butyryl chloride and the sample to be tested respectively, and test with organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol or acetone.
2. determination of solubility dissolve the sample in the solvent and observe its dissolution. Butyryl chloride is soluble in organic and slightly soluble in water.
3. analysis of results: The significant difference in solubility can be used as a preliminary basis for identification. For example, if the sample to be tested is rapidly soluble in methanol, it may be n-butyryl chloride.

Through the solubility test, it can be preliminarily confirmed whether the sample is n-butyryl chloride.

2. acid-base test: preliminary judgment of functional groups

the acid-base test of n-butyryl chloride can provide important information of its molecular structure. Specific steps are as follows:

1. sample processing: Dissolve the sample to be tested in water or organic solvent, and add an indicator (such as bromophenol blue).
2. Acid and alkaline test: If the solution is acidic, it means that the butyryl chloride molecule may contain carboxylic acid groups (COOH); If it is neutral, it may be an ester structure.
3. analysis of results: An acidic environment indicates the presence of carboxylic acid groups, while a neutral environment may exclude the presence of carboxylic acid groups.

Through the acid and alkaline test, the functional group type of n-butyryl chloride can be preliminarily judged.

3. Physical Property Tests: Determination of Appearance and Density

the physical property test of n-butyryl chloride is one of the basic steps in the identification process. By observing the appearance of the sample and determining its density, you can quickly confirm its identity:

1. appearance observation butyryl chloride is a colorless transparent liquid, no pungent odor, slightly soluble and form a white emulsion after mixing with water.
2. Density determination: Measure the density of n-butyryl chloride using a densitometer or balance. It has a density of about 0.77g/cm³ and a low solubility in water.
3. analysis of results: If the sample to be tested meets the above characteristics, it can be preliminarily confirmed as n-butyryl chloride.

Through the physical property test, the n-butyryl chloride can be rapidly screened.

4. Functional Group Analysis: An Exploration into Molecular Structure

on the basis of preliminary identification, further functional group analysis can provide more in-depth evidence for the structure of n-butyryl chloride. Specific steps are as follows:

1. hydrolysis treatment the n-butyryl chloride sample was dissolved in water for hydrolysis reaction.
2. Reagent detection acidic potassium permanganate solution and bromine water were added respectively to observe the color change. If the solution is discolored, it indicates the presence of carboxylic acid groups.
3. analysis of results if the test results show acidic reaction, the structural characteristics of n-butyryl chloride can be further confirmed.

Through functional group analysis, the molecular structure of n-butyryl chloride can be fully understood.

5. Structural testing: the use of infrared spectroscopy

in order to further confirm the structure of n-butyryl chloride, infrared spectroscopy can be used to analyze:

1. experiment preparation: The n-butyryl chloride sample is subjected to appropriate treatment, such as grinding or extraction.
2. spectrometric determination: The characteristic absorption peaks of the samples were detected using an infrared spectrometer. The carboxylic acid group is present in the molecular structure of n-butyryl chloride, and its characteristic absorption peak is located in the 1700 cms¹ region.
3. analysis of results: The presence of n-butyryl chloride can be confirmed if the main absorption peak is at 1700cm.

Through the structure test, the molecular structure of n-butyryl chloride can be further verified.

6. Spectral Analysis: Confirmation of Comprehensive Molecular Structure

as a final means of identification, spectral analysis provides the most comprehensive confirmation of the structure of n-butyryl chloride:

1. sample processing: The n-butyryl chloride sample is subjected to appropriate treatment, such as extraction or drying.
2. spectrometric determination samples were analyzed using a mass spectrometer or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument.

• The mass spectrometer can show that the molecular formula of n-butyryl chloride is C, F, NO₂.
• Nuclear magnetic resonance shows the characteristic peaks of carbon atoms in its molecular structure.

1. analysis of results: If the spectral data are completely consistent with the standard spectrum of n-butyryl chloride, it can be finally confirmed as n-butyryl chloride.

Through spectral analysis, a comprehensive confirmation of the molecular structure can be achieved.

Integrate the above into a clearly structured and informative article

this article will detail the steps, principles and application scenarios of each chemical method to help readers fully understand how to distinguish n-butyryl chloride by chemical methods. The setting of the question field will guide the reader to think about the specific operation of each step and enhance the interactivity and practicality of the article.